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Rage base for loop vector 2d5/24/2023 However, after a decade, this transport system has been refocused for development in Switzerland. However, mainly owing to the necessity of an immense initial investment for building an underground vacuum tunnel, the project was stopped, and Swissmetro AG was liquidated in 2009. The Swissmetro system features numerous advantages, including a low energy consumption, high speed, low noise, and immunity to weather such as snow and storms. Preliminary and feasibility studies were undertaken at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), and the project was conducted by EPFL and the company Swissmetro AG from 1994 to 1998, with sponsorship given by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Unlike other maglev projects, e.g., the German Transrapid, Japanese JR-Maglev MLX, and Inductrack in the USA, Swissmetro employed the concept of a vacuum tunnel for the purpose of a drag reduction of the train. The concept of Swissmetro was originally proposed by Nieth during the 1970s, a schematic of which is shown in Fig. In Switzerland, a national project called Swissmetro was conducted in which a high-speed magnetic levitation (maglev) passenger train system running in an underground vacuum tunnel was supposed to be developed. As the system pressure and the Reynolds number increase, the frictional drag coefficient increases, and the transition point moves toward the front, which are the typical phenomena observed in the transition regime. Finally, the influence of the system pressure was investigated. The total drag for the optimized model was 14% smaller than that for the short model. The pressure drag for the optimized design was 24% smaller than that for the short design, half of which is due to the decrease in the frontal area, and the other half is due to the smoothed rear-end shape. The computed results show that the transition of the short model occurred more on the rear side due to the pod shape, which resulted in 8% smaller frictional drag coefficient than that for the optimized model. The concept of the short model was to delay the transition to decrease the frictional drag meanwhile that of the optimized design was to minimize the pressure drag by decreasing the frontal area and introduce the transition more toward the front of the pod. Second, an aerodynamic analysis for two designs, short and optimized, was conducted with the traveling speed 125 m/s at the system pressure 0.15 bar. First, a mesh dependency study was undertaken, showing second-order convergence with respect to the mesh refinement. The novelty is the usage of Gamma transition model, in which the transition from laminar to turbulent flow can be predicted. Three-dimensional compressible flow simulations were conducted to develop a Hyperloop pod.
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